Publications

Turbulent Vertical Velocities in Labrador Sea Convection
Turbulent vertical velocity measurements are scarce in regions prone to convection such as the Labrador Sea, which hinders our …
Louis Clement , Lukas Merckelbach , Eleanor Frajka-Williams
November 2024 Geophysical Research Letters
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Turbulent Vertical Velocities in Labrador Sea Convection
EPOC: Project News
Second newsletter of the EPOC project.
Vikki Gunn , Jack Wharton , Damien Desbruyeres , Katja Schultz , Simon Wett , Joel Hirschi , Hege-Beate Fredriksen , Laura de Steur , Adam Blaker , David Thornalley , Yevgeny Aksenov , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Jon Robson , Brady Scott Ferster , Gaurav Madan
August 2024 EPOC Project News
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EPOC: Project News
Circulation of Baffin Bay and Hudson Bay waters on the Labrador Shelf and into the subpolar North Atlantic
In the coming decades increasing amounts of freshwater are predicted to enter the subpolar North Atlantic from Greenland and the …
Elodie Duyck , Nick Foukal , Eleanor Frajka-Williams
August 2024 Ocean Sci. Disc.
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Circulation of Baffin Bay and Hudson Bay waters on the Labrador Shelf and into the subpolar North Atlantic
The impact of Deep Convection on Overturning in the Labrador Sea
This thesis investigates the variability of the local overturning circulation in the Labrador Sea over the past two decades, focusing …
Katja Schultz
August 2024 Universität Hamburg, Institute of Oceanography MSc thesis
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The impact of Deep Convection on Overturning in the Labrador Sea
Sea ice effect on the Labrador Sea freshwater fluxes by (sub)mesoscale activity
The formation of fresh, cold, oxygenated and carbon dioxide-rich Labrador Sea Water is a critical process which affects global climate …
Boris Shapkin
May 2024 Universität Hamburg, Institute of Oceanography MSc thesis
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Sea ice effect on the Labrador Sea freshwater fluxes by (sub)mesoscale activity
Seasonal evolution of the permanent pycnocline at Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctic
Understanding the seasonal dynamics of the permanent pycnocline is crucial for explaining the physical processes governing oceanic …
Viktoria Nikolaus
April 2024 Universität Hamburg, Institute of Oceanography MSc thesis
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Seasonal evolution of the permanent pycnocline at Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctic
EPOC: Project News
First newsletter of the EPOC project.
Vikki Gunn , Laura de Steur , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Christian Mertens , Jaime Palter , Maria Jesus Rapanague , Simon Wett , Jack Wharton
December 2023 EPOC Project News
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EPOC: Project News
Should AMOC observations continue: how and why?
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a large-scale circulation pattern responsible for northward heat transport in …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , N. Foukal , Gokhan Danabasoglu
December 2023 Phil Trans A epoc
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Should AMOC observations continue: how and why?
Observed mechanisms activating the recent subpolar North Atlantic Warming since 2016
The overturning circulation of the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) plays a fundamental role in Earth’s climate variability and change. …
Leon Chafik , N. Penny Holliday , Sheldon Bacon , J. A. Baker , Damien G. Desbruyeres , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Laura C. Jackson
December 2023 Phil Trans A
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Observed mechanisms activating the recent subpolar North Atlantic Warming since 2016
Cessation of Labrador Sea Convection Triggered by Distinct Fresh and Warm (Sub)Mesoscale Flows
By ventilating the deep ocean, deep convection in the Labrador Sea plays a crucial role in the climate system. Unfortunately, the …
Louis Clement , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Nicolai von Oppeln-Bronikowski , I. Goszczko , Brad de Young
July 2023 J. Phys. Oceanogr.
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Cessation of Labrador Sea Convection Triggered by Distinct Fresh and Warm (Sub)Mesoscale Flows
Climate change impacts on ocean circulation relevant to the UK and Ireland
Ocean circulation, including ocean currents and systems of ocean currents, such as ocean gyres and the meridional overturning …
Gerard D. McCarthy , K. Burmeister , Stuart A. Cunningham , A. Düsterhus , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , and others
February 2023 Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership
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Climate change impacts on ocean circulation relevant to the UK and Ireland
The evolution of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1980
A synthesis of the known AMOC variabiltiiy since 1980, from models, reanalysis, observations and proxies - in the subtropical and subpolar North Atlantic.
Laura C. Jackson , Arne Biastoch , Martha W. Buckley , Damien G. Desbruyeres , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Ben I. Moat , Jon Robson
March 2022 Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
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The evolution of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1980
Dissipation of mesoscale eddies at a western boundary via a direct energy cascade
The fate of mesoscale eddy kinetic energy represents a large source of uncertainty in the global ocean energy budget. Satellite …
D. Gwyn Evans , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
January 2022 Scientific Reports
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Dissipation of mesoscale eddies at a western boundary via a direct energy cascade
New technological frontiers in ocean mixing
An overview of methods for measuring turbulence in the ocean, including from profiling floats and gliders, microstructure sensors on autonomous vehicles, and micro-temperature on CTD profiles.
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , J. Alex Brearley , J. D. Nash , C. B. Whalen
January 2022 Ocean Mixing: Drivers, Mechanisms and Impacts
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New technological frontiers in ocean mixing
Kinetic Energy Transfers between Mesoscale and Submesoscale Motions in the Open Ocean’s Upper Layers
Mesoscale eddies contain the bulk of the ocean’s kinetic energy (KE), but fundamental questions remain on the cross-scale KE transfers …
Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , X. Yu , J. Callies , R. Barkan , Kurt L. Polzin , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , others
January 2022 J. Phys. Ocean.
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Kinetic Energy Transfers between Mesoscale and Submesoscale Motions in the Open Ocean’s Upper Layers
Climate-Relevant Ocean Transport Measurements in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
B Berx , Denis L. Volkov , Johanna Baehr , Molly O. Baringer , Peter Brandt , K. Burmeister , Stuart A. Cunningham , MF de Jong , Laura de Steur , S Dong , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , others
January 2022 Oceanogr.
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Climate-Relevant Ocean Transport Measurements in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
TERIFIC Ocean Glider Deployments in the Labrador Sea
Seaglider dataset from 2019-12 to 2020-05 in the Labrador Sea
Louis Clement , FrajkaWilliams-Eleanor
January 2021 SEANOE data
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TERIFIC Ocean Glider Deployments in the Labrador Sea
Revisiting AMOC transport estimates from observations and models
A model-based evaluation of how the choice of referencing geostrophic velocities at AMOC transport mooring arrays can influence the resultant transport estimate, with a focus on the MOVE latitude of 16°N and the RAPID latitude of 26.5°N.
Gokhan Danabasoglu , F. S. Castruccio , R. J. Small , R. Tomas , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Matthias Lankhorst
January 2021 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Revisiting AMOC transport estimates from observations and models
Mixing and transformation in a deep western boundary current: A case study
Water-mass transformation by turbulent mixing is a key part of the deep-ocean overturning, as it drives the upwelling of dense waters …
Carl P. Spingys , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Sonya Legg , Kurt L. Polzin , E. Povl Abrahamsen , Christian E. Buckingham , Alex Forryan , Eleanor Frajka-Williams
January 2021 J. Phys. Ocean.
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Mixing and transformation in a deep western boundary current: A case study
A dynamically based method for estimating the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N from satellite altimetry
A method for estimating 26°N overturning from time-varying satellite altimetry and time-averaged boundary profiles of dynamic height.
Alejandra Sanchez-Franks , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Ben I. Moat , David A. Smeed
January 2021 Oc. Sci.
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A dynamically based method for estimating the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N from satellite altimetry
Data: MeRMEED cruise and mooring data - Vertical microstructure, CTD, vessel mounted ADCP, moored ADCP, 2016-2018
Cruise and mooring data from three cruises east of the Bahamas, 1-7 Dec 2016, 31 Oct - 10 Nov 2017 and 4-16 Mar 2018.
D. Gwyn Evans , FrajkaWilliams-Eleanor , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Kurt L. Polzin , Alex Forryan
November 2020 PANGAEA data
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Data: MeRMEED cruise and mooring data - Vertical microstructure, CTD, vessel mounted ADCP, moored ADCP, 2016-2018
Mesoscale eddy dissipation by a zoo of submesoscale processes at a western boundary
Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous dynamical features that tend to propagate westward and disappear along ocean western boundaries. Using …
D. Gwyn Evans , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Kurt L. Polzin , Alex Forryan
November 2020 J. Geophys. Res.
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Mesoscale eddy dissipation by a zoo of submesoscale processes at a western boundary
Technicalities: Exploring the Labrador Sea with autonomous vehicles
The Labrador Sea is a fascinating and difficult environment in which to work. In the winter, wind speeds can gust upwards of 200 km/hr, …
Brad de Young , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Nicolai von Oppeln-Bronikowski , Stephen Woodward
October 2020 The Journal of Ocean Technology
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Technicalities: Exploring the Labrador Sea with autonomous vehicles
Breaking of internal waves and turbulent dissipation in an anticyclonic mode water eddy
A 4-month glider mission was analyzed to assess turbulent dissipation in an anticyclonic eddy at the western boundary of the …
Bieito Fernandez-Castro , D. Gwyn Evans , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Clement Vic , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
July 2020 J. Phys. Ocean.
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Breaking of internal waves and turbulent dissipation in an anticyclonic mode water eddy
Pending recovery in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation at 26°N
The strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) at 26∘ N has now been continuously measured by the RAPID array …
Ben I. Moat , David A. Smeed , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Damien G. Desbruyeres , Claudie Beaulieu , William E. Johns , Darren Rayner , Alejandra Sanchez-Franks , Molly O. Baringer , Denis L. Volkov , Laura C. Jackson , Harry L. Bryden
January 2020 Oc. Sci.
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Pending recovery in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation at 26°N
Equity at sea: Gender and inclusivity in UK sea-going science
Today, we can celebrate a strong representation of women in sea-going science in the United Kingdom, providing positive role models for …
K. R. Hendry , A. Annett , R. Bhatia , G. M. Damerell , S. Fielding , Y. L. Firing , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , others
January 2020 Ocean Challenge
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Equity at sea: Gender and inclusivity in UK sea-going science
Detectability of an AMOC decline in current and projected climate changes
Determining whether the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)’s transport is in decline is challenging due to the …
Delphine Lobelle , Claudie Beaulieu , Valerie Livina , Florian Sevellec , Eleanor Frajka-Williams
January 2020 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Detectability of an AMOC decline in current and projected climate changes
Cruise Report #65: TERIFIC project, 26 November – 10 December 2019
The purpose of the fieldwork activities detailed in this report was to deploy a range of autonomous platforms to measure physical …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
January 2020 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report Cruise reports
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Cruise Report #65: TERIFIC project, 26 November – 10 December 2019
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated heat transport
Update on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in the annual State of the Climate report. This issue includes estimates using XBT data compared against mooring-derived transport estimates.
Denis L. Volkov , Chris S. Meinen , others , Eleanor Frajka-Williams
January 2020 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
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Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated heat transport
Past, present, and future variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key mechanism of the global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate system, …
Delphine Lobelle
October 2019 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses
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Past, present, and future variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability
An overview of the status of the AMOC observing system as of 2019, including arrays in the North and South Atlantic, methodology summary and prognosis for the future.
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , and others
June 2019 Frontiers in Mar. Sci.
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Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability
Cruise Report: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS18066 4 – 16 March 2018, MerMEED microstructure cruise report.
The MerMEED (Mechanisms responsible for Mesoscale Eddy Energy Dissipation) project is a NERC funded project (NE/N001745/1) to …
D. Gwyn Evans
May 2019 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report cruise report
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Cruise Report: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS18066 4 – 16 March 2018, MerMEED microstructure cruise report.
Phased response of the subpolar Southern Ocean to changes in circumpolar winds
The response of the subpolar Southern Ocean (sSO) to wind forcing is assessed using satellite radar altimetry. sSO sea level exhibits a …
Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Jack Hooley , Tiago S. Dotto , Sheldon Bacon , M. Tsamados , A. Ridout , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , L. Herraiz-Borreguero , Paul R. Holland , H. D. B. S. Heorton , Mike P. Meredith
May 2019 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Phased response of the subpolar Southern Ocean to changes in circumpolar winds
Topographic Eddies
This is a article on flow over topography named “Topographic eddies”. It covers the theory behind flow interactions with topography …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
March 2019 Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
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Topographic Eddies
Model derived uncertainties in deep ocean temperature trends between 1990--2010
In recent decades, deep (below 2,000 m) ocean temperature trends have been measured when scientific research vessels repeat the same …
Freya K. Garry , Elaine L. McDonagh , Adam T. Blaker , Chris D. Roberts , Damien G. Desbruyeres , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Brian A. King
January 2019 J. Geophys. Res.
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Model derived uncertainties in deep ocean temperature trends between 1990--2010
Using GRACE and in situ bottom pressure recorders to evaluate external transports at 26°N
A demonstration of how GRACE-satellite estimates of ocean bottom pressure can be used to stitch together in situ bottom pressure records at 26°N, alleviating the need to detrend the observed bottom pressure. However, the method does not allow determination of the trend over the full period; if the GRACE trend over the full period (2004-2016) is applied, then it implies a trend in the compensation transports from 26°N which has the opposite sign as the compensation transport derived from the RAPID 26°N mooring array.
Emma Worthington , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , G. D. McCarthy
January 2019 J. Geophys. Res.
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Using GRACE and in situ bottom pressure recorders to evaluate external transports at 26°N
Structure and variability of the Antilles Current at 26.5°N
Chris S. Meinen , William E. Johns , Ben I. Moat , Ryan H. Smith , Elizabeth M. Johns , Darren Rayner , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Rigoberto F. Garcia , Silvia L. Garzoli
January 2019 J. Geophys. Res.
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Structure and variability of the Antilles Current at 26.5°N
Rapid mixing and exchange of deep-ocean waters in an abyssal boundary current
The overturning circulation of the global ocean is regulated by deep-ocean mixing, which transforms cold waters sinking at high …
Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Carl P. Spingys , Sonya Legg , Kurt L. Polzin , Alex Forryan , E. Povl Abrahamsen , Christian E. Buckingham , Stephen M. Griffies , Stephen D. McPhail , Keith W. Nicholls , Leif N. Thomas , Mike P. Meredith
January 2019 PNAS
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Rapid mixing and exchange of deep-ocean waters in an abyssal boundary current
OceanObs19: OceanGliders: a component of the integrated GOOS
The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders …
P. Testor , Brad de Young , D. Rudnick , S. Glenn , D. Hayes , C. M. Lee , C. Pattiaratchi , others , Eleanor Frajka-Williams
January 2019 Frontiers in Marine Science
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OceanObs19: OceanGliders: a component of the integrated GOOS
Loop Current variability as trigger of coherent Gulf Stream transport anomalies
Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Adam T. Blaker , Bablu Sinha , P. Hyder , Andrew Coward , others
January 2019 J. Phys. Ocean.
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Loop Current variability as trigger of coherent Gulf Stream transport anomalies
Estimating the Freshwater Flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet Workshop Report, American Geophysical Union, 2018
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been observed continuously at 26° N since April 2004. The AMOC and its …
David Sutherland , Fiamma Straneo , Twila Moon , Isabela Le Bras , FrajkaWilliams-Eleanor , Jonathan Bamber , Ginny Catania , Patrick Heimbach , Rebecca Jackson , Leigh Stearns
December 2018 Arctic Data Center
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Estimating the Freshwater Flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet Workshop Report, American Geophysical Union, 2018
Coherent modulation of the sea-level annual cycle in the United States by Atlantic Rossby waves
Changes in the sea-level annual cycle (SLAC) can have profound impacts on coastal areas, including increased flooding risk and …
Francisco M. Calafat , Thomas Wahl , Fredrik Lindsten , Joanne Williams , Eleanor Frajka-Williams
December 2018 Nature Comm.
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Coherent modulation of the sea-level annual cycle in the United States by Atlantic Rossby waves
Annual cycle of turbulence estimated from Seagliders
Updated methods to estimate turbulence from Seagliders (originally from Beaird et al. 2012), with a demonstration in the northeast Atlantic. The primary addition is to filter by local stratification as observed by the Seaglider. When N is large, this filter should isolate turbulent processes within the inertial subrange. When N is very low, within the surface mixed layer for example, this filtering acts to remove the mean and any trend with respect to depth from the vertical velocity.
D. Gwyn Evans , N. S. Lucas , Victoria S. Hemsley , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Adrian Martin , Stuart C. Painter , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Mark E. Inall , Matthew R. Palmer
October 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Annual cycle of turbulence estimated from Seagliders
Variability of the Ross Gyre, Southern Ocean: drivers and responses revealed by satellite altimetry
The Ross Gyre is one of the main current systems of the Southern Ocean and conveys heat toward the cold continental shelves of the …
Tiago S. Dotto , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Sheldon Bacon , M. Tsamados , Paul R. Holland , Jack Hooley , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , A. Ridout , Mike P. Meredith
June 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Variability of the Ross Gyre, Southern Ocean: drivers and responses revealed by satellite altimetry
Designing a cost-efficient drifter to track freshwater fluxes from the Greenland Ice Sheet
The Labrador Sea is an important area for wintertime convection, with possible influences on global overturning. While there is a …
Michaela Maier
May 2018 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis
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Designing a cost-efficient drifter to track freshwater fluxes from the Greenland Ice Sheet
Autosub Long Range Derived Near Seabed Flow in the Western Flank of the Orkney Passage
The Orkney Passage is a submarine valley in the South Scotia Ridge that connects the Scotia Sea to the Weddell Sea. It is the most …
Katie R. Hodge
May 2018 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis
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Autosub Long Range Derived Near Seabed Flow in the Western Flank of the Orkney Passage
Fast response of deep ocean circulation to mid-latitude winds in the Atlantic
In situ observations of transbasin deep ocean transports at 26◦N show variability on monthly to decadal timescales (2004–2015). …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , F. Landerer , T. Lee
April 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett. (rejected)
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Fast response of deep ocean circulation to mid-latitude winds in the Atlantic
Cruise Report 50: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS17305, 31 OCT - 10 NOV 2017, Miami to Miami, USA, MerMEED microstructure cruise report. CR No. 50
The MerMEED (Mechanisms responsible for Mesoscale Eddy Energy Dissipation) project is a NERC funded project (NE/N001745/1, 2015–2018) …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
February 2018 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report cruise report
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Cruise Report 50: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS17305, 31 OCT - 10 NOV 2017, Miami to Miami, USA, MerMEED microstructure cruise report. CR No. 50
The North Atlantic Ocean is in a state of reduced overturning
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is responsible for a variable and climatically important northward transport of …
David A. Smeed , Simon A. Josey , William E. Johns , Ben I. Moat , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Darren Rayner , Chris S. Meinen , Molly O. Baringer , Harry L. Bryden , Gerard D. McCarthy
January 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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The North Atlantic Ocean is in a state of reduced overturning
Wind-driven transport of fresh shelf water into the upper 30m of the Labrador Sea
The Labrador Sea is one of a small number of deep convection sites in the North Atlantic, that contribute to the meridional overturning …
Lena M. Schulze Chretien , Eleanor Frajka-Williams
January 2018 Oc. Sci.
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Wind-driven transport of fresh shelf water into the upper 30m of the Labrador Sea
The Accuracy of Estimates of the Overturning Circulation from Basin Wide Mooring Arrays
Previous modeling and observational studies have established that it is possible to accurately monitor the Atlantic Meridional …
Bablu Sinha , David A. Smeed , Gerard D. McCarthy , Ben I. Moat , Simon A. Josey , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Adam T. Blaker , G. Madec
January 2018 Prog. Oceangr.
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The Accuracy of Estimates of the Overturning Circulation from Basin Wide Mooring Arrays
Coherent circulation changes in the Deep North Atlantic from 16°N and 26°N transport arrays
The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) has been measured by boundary arrays in the Atlantic since 2000. Over the past decade of …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Matthias Lankhorst , J. Koelling , Uwe Send
January 2018 J. Geophys. Res.
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Coherent circulation changes in the Deep North Atlantic from 16°N and 26°N transport arrays
Variability and Transport Methodology of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26°N
The importance of The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) resides in its associated poleward movement of heat (Bryden et …
Neela Morarji
December 2017 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses
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Variability and Transport Methodology of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26°N
Emerging negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index in spite of warm subtropics
Sea surface temperatures in the northern North Atlantic have shown a marked decrease over the past several years. The sea surface in …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Claudie Beaulieu , Aurelie D. Duchez
September 2017 Scientific Reports
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Emerging negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index in spite of warm subtropics
Cruise Report: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS16336, 01 - 07 DEC 2016, Miami to Miami, USA, MerMEED microstructure cruise report. CR No.44.
The MerMEED (Mechanisms responsible for Mesoscale Eddy Energy Dissipation) project is a NERC funded project (NE/N001745/1, 2015-2018) …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
June 2017 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report cruise report
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Cruise Report: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS16336, 01 - 07 DEC 2016, Miami to Miami, USA, MerMEED microstructure cruise report. CR No.44.
Building Boaty using Matlab
This is a brief animation showing the steps to build the Autosub Long Range (aka Boaty McBoatface) using Matlab. As a bit of fun during …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
May 2017 Vimeo
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Building Boaty using Matlab
Boaty McBoatface M44 in Orkney Passage
Autosub Long Range (aka Boaty McBoatface) is an autonomous underwater vehicle developed at the National Oceanography Centre …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Rob Templeton
May 2017 Vimeo
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Boaty McBoatface M44 in Orkney Passage
Estimating the deep overturning transport variability at 26°N using bottom pressure recorders
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) carries almost 90% of the approximately 1.3 PW of heat carried poleward by the …
Emma Worthington
May 2017 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis
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Estimating the deep overturning transport variability at 26°N using bottom pressure recorders
Deep ocean heat content observing strategy: evaluating the past and preparing for the future
Changes in full depth ocean heat content (OHC) serve as a key metric of climate change with accurate measurements vital to reduce …
Freya K. Garry
January 2017 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses
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Deep ocean heat content observing strategy: evaluating the past and preparing for the future
Observed basin-scale response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to wind stress forcing
The response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) to wind stress forcing is investigated from an …
Shane Elipot , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Chris W. Hughes , Sofia Olhede , Matthias Lankhorst
January 2017 J. Clim
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Observed basin-scale response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to wind stress forcing
Greenland Melt and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
More than a decade of observations of the meridional overturning circulation in the subtropical North Atlantic show it to be highly …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Jonathan Bamber , Kjetil Vage
December 2016 Oceanogr.
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Greenland Melt and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Primary production and nitrate budgets in the temperate North Atlantic estimated from ocean gliders
Phytoplankton in the ocean are a key component of the global carbon cycle and the base of most marine food webs. They contribute …
Victoria S. Hemsley
November 2016 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses
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Primary production and nitrate budgets in the temperate North Atlantic estimated from ocean gliders
Drivers of exceptionally cold North Atlantic Ocean temperatures and their link to the 2015 European heat wave
The North Atlantic and Europe experienced two extreme climate events in 2015: exceptionally cold ocean surface temperatures and a …
Aurelie D. Duchez , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Simon A. Josey , D. Gwyn Evans , Jeremy P. Grist , R. Marsh , Gerard D. McCarthy , Bablu Sinha , David I. Berry , Joel J.-M. Hirschi
July 2016 Env. Res. Lett.
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Drivers of exceptionally cold North Atlantic Ocean temperatures and their link to the 2015 European heat wave
Potential mechanisms underpinning the dissipation of mesoscale eddies over the topographic rise east of the Bahamas
Even if mesoscale eddies represent universal features of the ocean circulation, the processes by which their energy gets dissipated …
Jemima Rama
May 2016 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis
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Potential mechanisms underpinning the dissipation of mesoscale eddies over the topographic rise east of the Bahamas
Major Variations in Sub-Tropical North Atlantic Heat Transport at Short (5 day) Timescales and their Causes
Variability in the North Atlantic ocean heat transport at 26.5°N on short (5 day) timescales is identified and contrasted with …
Ben I. Moat , Simon A. Josey , Bablu Sinha , Adam T. Blaker , David A. Smeed , Gerard D. McCarthy , William E. Johns , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Darren Rayner , Aurelie D. Duchez , Andrew Coward
April 2016 J. Geophys. Res.
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Major Variations in Sub-Tropical North Atlantic Heat Transport at Short (5 day) Timescales and their Causes
Generation of Internal Waves by Eddies Impinging on the Western Boundary of the North Atlantic
Despite the major role played by mesoscale eddies in redistributing the energy of the large-scale circulation, our understanding of …
Louis Clement , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Katy L. Sheen , J. Alex Brearley , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato
April 2016 J. Phys. Ocean.
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Generation of Internal Waves by Eddies Impinging on the Western Boundary of the North Atlantic
Compensation between meridional flow components of the Atlantic MOC at 26°N
From ten years of observations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at 26° N (2004–2014), we revisit the question …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Chris S. Meinen , William E. Johns , David A. Smeed , Aurelie D. Duchez , Adam J. Lawrence , David A. Cuthbertson , Harry L. Bryden , Gerard D. McCarthy , Molly O. Baringer , Darren Rayner , Ben I. Moat
April 2016 Oc. Sci.
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Compensation between meridional flow components of the Atlantic MOC at 26°N
Freshwater fluxes and vertical mixing in the Labrador Sea
The Labrador Sea plays an important role in the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), due to the seasonal occurrence of deep …
Lena M. Schulze Chretien
February 2016 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses
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Freshwater fluxes and vertical mixing in the Labrador Sea
Estimating Oceanic Primary Production Using Vertical Irradiance and Chlorophyll Profiles from Ocean Gliders in the North Atlantic
An autonomous underwater vehicle (Seaglider) has been used to estimate marine primary production (PP) using a combination of irradiance …
Victoria S. Hemsley , Timothy J. Smyth , Adrian P. Martin , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Andrew F. Thompson , Gillian Damerell , Stuart C. Painter
August 2015 Environmental Science Technology
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Estimating Oceanic Primary Production Using Vertical Irradiance and Chlorophyll Profiles from Ocean Gliders in the North Atlantic
Quantifying eddy diffusivity in the Labrador Sea in a mixing-length theoretical framework
Mesoscale eddies are effective large-scale stirrers which provide a crucial connection between mean flow scales, such as those in the …
Joseph Ribeiro
May 2015 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis
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Quantifying eddy diffusivity in the Labrador Sea in a mixing-length theoretical framework
Tip jets and westerlies - Investigating air-sea interactions in the southeast Labrador Sea
It is debated that mesoscale reverse tip jets caused by distortion between atmospheric flow and Greenland contribute to wintertime deep …
Lee Coley
May 2015 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis
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Tip jets and westerlies - Investigating air-sea interactions in the southeast Labrador Sea
The impact of sea ice retreat on the spring phytoplankton bloom over the Labrador Sea Baffin Shelf from 2003 to 2013
I have investigated the climatology of the Baffin Shelf bloom in the Labrador Sea and related its variability to local sea ice …
Jonathan E. J. Southwell
May 2015 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis
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The impact of sea ice retreat on the spring phytoplankton bloom over the Labrador Sea Baffin Shelf from 2003 to 2013
Reconstructing Sea Surface Salinity in the Labrador Sea
Salinity in the Labrador Sea is an important factor in convection and deep water formation as it dominates physical water column …
Joe Lawson
May 2015 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis
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Reconstructing Sea Surface Salinity in the Labrador Sea
Estimating the Atlantic MOC at 26°N using satellite altimetry and cable measurements
A statistical relationship between satellite sea surface height (SSH) and observed transports at 26°N is used to build a proxy for the AMOC transport since 1992. The method relies on a strong relationship between (1) the interannual variability of spatially-smoothed SSH at the western boundary of the Atlantic and (2) the RAPID 26°N estimate of upper mid-ocean transport (UMO, top ~1100m) across the Atlantic. Explained variance is very high, but the method assumes stationarity in the relationship between SSH and UMO, which would likely be violated on longer timescales associated with e.g., deep watermass change.
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
April 2015 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Estimating the Atlantic MOC at 26°N using satellite altimetry and cable measurements
Measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N
Methodology and error analysis for the RAPID 26°N estimates of the AMOC transport.
Gerard D. McCarthy , David A. Smeed , Williams E. Johns , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Ben I. Moat , Darren Rayner , Molly O. Baringer , Chris S. Meinen , Harry L. Bryden
January 2015 Prog. Oceangr.
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Measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N
Women in Oceanography: A Decade Later
Short biographies of women in oceanography, as of 2014.
Ellen S. Kappel , and others
December 2014 Oceanography
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Women in Oceanography: A Decade Later
Bispectra of Internal Tides and Parametric Subharmonic Instability
Bispectral analysis of the nonlinear resonant interaction known as parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) for a coherence semidiurnal …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Eric Kunze , Jennifer A. MacKinnon
October 2014 ArXiv
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Bispectra of Internal Tides and Parametric Subharmonic Instability
Sustaining observations of an unsteady ocean circulation
Sustained observations of ocean properties reveal a global warming trend and rising sea levels. These changes have been documented by …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
September 2014 Phil. Trans. Royal Soc.
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Sustaining observations of an unsteady ocean circulation
Vertical structure of eddies and Rossby waves and their effect on the Atlantic MOC at 26.5°N
The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at inline image in the Atlantic has a standard deviation of 4.9 Sv and contains large …
Louis Clement , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Zoltan B. Szuts , Stuart A. Cunningham
September 2014 J. Geophys. Res.
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Vertical structure of eddies and Rossby waves and their effect on the Atlantic MOC at 26.5°N
A new index for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has received considerable attention, motivated by its major role in the global …
Aurelie D. Duchez , Stuart A. Cunningham , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Adam T. Blaker , Harry L. Bryden , C. Atkinson , Gerard D. McCarthy , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Darren Rayner , David A. Smeed
September 2014 J. Clim
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A new index for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
The Atlantic overturning circulation: More evidence of variability and links to climate
A unique feature of the Atlantic Ocean is the presence of regions in the Labrador Sea and Nordic Seas where surface water can convect …
James Carton , Stuart A. Cunningham , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Y. O. Kwon , David P. Marshall , Rym Msadek
August 2014 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
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The Atlantic overturning circulation: More evidence of variability and links to climate
The effect of eddies and Rossby waves on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5◦N and their decay at the western boundary.
The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at 26.5◦N in the Atlantic has a standard devia- tion of 4.9 Sv and contains large …
Louis Clement
July 2014 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses
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The effect of eddies and Rossby waves on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5◦N and their decay at the western boundary.
Seasonal to interannual variability in density around the Canary Islands and their influence on the AMOC at 26°N
The meridional interior flow obtained from the RAPID array is determined by horizontal density fluctuations at the eastern and western …
Aurelie D. Duchez , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Natalia Castro , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Andrew Coward
February 2014 J. Geophys. Res.
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Seasonal to interannual variability in density around the Canary Islands and their influence on the AMOC at 26°N
The observed North Atlantic MOC, its meridional coherence and ocean bottom pressure
Analyses of meridional transport time series from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation (RAPID MOC) array at 26°N …
Shane Elipot , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Chris W. Hughes , Josh Willis
February 2014 J. Phys. Ocean.
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The observed North Atlantic MOC, its meridional coherence and ocean bottom pressure
Observed decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2004 to 2012
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been observed continuously at 26° N since April 2004. The AMOC and its …
David A. Smeed , Gerard D. McCarthy , Stuart A. Cunningham , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Darren Rayner , William E. Johns , Chris S. Meinen , Molly O. Baringer , Ben I. Moat , Aurelie D. Duchez , Harry L. Bryden
January 2014 Oc. Sci.
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Observed decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2004 to 2012
Meridional overturning circulation observations in the North Atlantic Ocean
Molly O. Baringer , Gerard D. McCarthy , Josh Willis , Matthias Lankhorst , David A. Smeed , Uwe Send , Darren Rayner , William E. Johns , Chris S. Meinen , Stuart A. Cunningham , Torsten O. Kanzow , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Jochem Marotzke
January 2014 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
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Meridional overturning circulation observations in the North Atlantic Ocean
Horizontal stratification during Deep convection in the Labrader Sea
Deep convection—the process by which surface waters are mixed down to 1000 m or deeper—forms the primary downwelling of the meridional …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Peter B. Rhines , Charles C. Eriksen
January 2014 J. Phys. Ocean.
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Horizontal stratification during Deep convection in the Labrader Sea
Atlantic MOC slowdown cooled the subtropical ocean
Observations show that the upper 2 km of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean cooled throughout 2010 and remained cold until at least …
Stuart A. Cunningham , Chris D. Roberts , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , William E. Johns , W. Hobbs , M. D. Palmer , Darren Rayner , David A. Smeed , Gerard D. McCarthy
November 2013 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Atlantic MOC slowdown cooled the subtropical ocean
Atmosphere drives observed interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5N
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been observed at 26.5°N since 2004. During 2009/2010, there was a transient …
Chris D. Roberts , J. Waters , K. A. Peterson , M. Palmer , Gerard D. McCarthy , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , K. Haines , D. J. Lea , M. J. Martin , D. Storkey , E. W. Blockley , H. Zuo
September 2013 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Atmosphere drives observed interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5N
Observed and simulated variability of the AMOC at 26°N and 41°N
Time series of the observational estimate of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) have recently become available, but …
Charlotte Mielke , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Johanna Baehr
February 2013 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Observed and simulated variability of the AMOC at 26°N and 41°N
Eddy impacts on the Florida Current
The Gulf Stream in the Atlantic carries warm water northwards and forms both the return closure of the subtropical gyre as well as the …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , William E. Johns , Chris S. Meinen , Lisa M. Beal , Stuart A. Cunningham
January 2013 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Eddy impacts on the Florida Current
Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport observations in the Atlantic Ocean
Molly O. Baringer , William E. Johns , Gerard D. McCarthy , Josh Willis , Silvia L. Garzoli , Matthias Lankhorst , Chris S. Meinen , Uwe Send , W. R. Hobbs , Stuart A. Cunningham , Darren Rayner , David A. Smeed , Torsten Kanzow , Patrick Heimbach , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , A. Macdonald , S. Dong , Jochem Marotzke
January 2013 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
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Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport observations in the Atlantic Ocean
Observed Interannual Variability of the Atlantic MOC at 26.5°N
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) plays a critical role in the climate system and is responsible for much of the …
Gerard D. McCarthy , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , William E. Johns , Molly O. Baringer , Chris S. Meinen , Harry L. Bryden , Darren Rayner , Aurelie D. Duchez , Chris D. Roberts , Stuart A. Cunningham
October 2012 Geophys. Res. Lett.
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Observed Interannual Variability of the Atlantic MOC at 26.5°N
Cruise Report #07: RV Knorr Cruise KN200-4, 13 Apr-03 May 2011. RAPID Mooring Cruise.
This report describes the mooring operations conducted during RV Knorr cruise KN200-4 between 13 April and 3 May 2011. These mooring …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , William E. Johns
January 2012 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report cruise report
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Cruise Report #07: RV Knorr Cruise KN200-4, 13 Apr-03 May 2011. RAPID Mooring Cruise.
Meridional overturning circulation observations in the subtropical North Atlantic.
Molly O. Baringer , Stuart A. Cunningham , Chris S. Meinen , Silvia L. Garzoli , Josh Willis , Matthias Lankhorst , W. R. Hobbs , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Torsten O. Kanzow , Darren Rayner , William E. Johns , Jochem Marotzke
January 2012 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
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Meridional overturning circulation observations in the subtropical North Atlantic.
Determining Vertical Velocities from Seaglider
Methodology for estimating vertical seawater velocities from standard Seagliders.
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Charles C. Eriksen , Peter B. Rhines , Ramsey R. Harcourt
December 2011 J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.
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Determining Vertical Velocities from Seaglider
Variability of Antarctic Bottom Water at 24.5°N in the Atlantic
A recent hydrographic section at 24.5°N in the Atlantic and 6 months of observations from a moored array show that Antarctic Bottom …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Stuart A. Cunningham , Harry L. Bryden , Brian A. King
November 2011 J. Geophys. Res.
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Variability of Antarctic Bottom Water at 24.5°N in the Atlantic
RAPID: Monitoring the meridional overturning circulation at 26°N
A summary of the RAPID 26°N results through 2011.
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
June 2011 Ocean Challenge
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RAPID: Monitoring the meridional overturning circulation at 26°N
Monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
The original RAPID methodology, now updated in McCarthy et al. 2015.
Darren Rayner , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Torsten Kanzow , William E. Johns , Paul G. Wright , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Harry L. Bryden , Christopher S. Meinen , Molly O. Baringer , Jochem Marotzke , Lisa M. Beal , Stuart A. Cunningham
January 2011 Deep Sea Res. II
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Monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Meridional Overturning Circulation Observations in the Subtropical North Atlantic
Molly O. Baringer , Stuart A. Cunningham , Chris S. Meinen , Silvia L. Garzoli , Josh Willis , Matthias Lankhorst , W. R. Hobbs , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Torsten O. Kanzow , Darren Rayner , William E. Johns , Jochem Marotzke
January 2011 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
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Meridional Overturning Circulation Observations in the Subtropical North Atlantic
Physical controls and interannual variability of the Labrador Sea spring phytoplankton bloom in distinct regions
We investigated the variability of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Labrador Sea, dividing into distinct biogeographical zones, …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Peter B. Rhines
January 2010 Deep Sea Res. I
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Physical controls and interannual variability of the Labrador Sea spring phytoplankton bloom in distinct regions
The spring phytoplankton bloom and vertical velocities in the stratified and deep convecting Labrador Sea, as observed by Seagliders
The Labrador Sea is a critical region in the world’s ocean: a region where the effects of climate change are seen quickly and …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
August 2009 University of Washington
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The spring phytoplankton bloom and vertical velocities in the stratified and deep convecting Labrador Sea, as observed by Seagliders
Physical controls and mesoscale variability in the Labrador Sea spring phytoplankton bloom observed by Seaglider
We investigated the 2005 spring phytoplankton bloom in the Labrador Sea using Seaglider, an autonomous underwater vehicle equipped with …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Peter B. Rhines , Charles C. Eriksen
August 2009 Deep Sea Res. I
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Physical controls and mesoscale variability in the Labrador Sea spring phytoplankton bloom observed by Seaglider
The Pattullo Conference: Building Community Through mentoring
Can I really do this?!” Enthusiasm and doubt surrounded the junior women at the opening reception of the Pattullo Conference. As in …
Kim Martini , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Colleen Mouw
January 2009 Oceanography
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The Pattullo Conference: Building Community Through mentoring
Convection in a Fluid Loop
Sandström’s conjecture states that a closed steady circulation can only be maintained in a fluid body if the heating is applied at a …
Eleanor Frajka-Williams
August 2004 Proceedings of the WHOI Geophysical Fluid Dynamics program
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Convection in a Fluid Loop
Probing Orographic Controls in the Himalayas During the Monsoon Using Satellite Imagery
From my bachelor’s thesis, an investigation into the scaling of cloud formation over the Himalayas. Figures 14-18.
Ana P. Barros , Gwangseob Kim , Eleanor Williams , Stephen W. Nesbitt
March 2004 Nat. Haz. Earth Sys. Sci.
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Probing Orographic Controls in the Himalayas During the Monsoon Using Satellite Imagery