Publications | Experimental Oceanography

Turbulent Vertical Velocities in Labrador Sea Convection

Turbulent vertical velocity measurements are scarce in regions prone to convection such as the Labrador Sea, which hinders our …

Louis Clement , Lukas Merckelbach , Eleanor Frajka-Williams

November 2024 Geophysical Research Letters

Turbulent Vertical Velocities in Labrador Sea Convection

EPOC: Project News

Second newsletter of the EPOC project.

Vikki Gunn , Jack Wharton , Damien Desbruyeres , Katja Schultz , Simon Wett , Joel Hirschi , Hege-Beate Fredriksen , Laura de Steur , Adam Blaker , David Thornalley , Yevgeny Aksenov , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Jon Robson , Brady Scott Ferster , Gaurav Madan

August 2024 EPOC Project News

Circulation of Baffin Bay and Hudson Bay waters on the Labrador Shelf and into the subpolar North Atlantic

In the coming decades increasing amounts of freshwater are predicted to enter the subpolar North Atlantic from Greenland and the …

Elodie Duyck , Nick Foukal , Eleanor Frajka-Williams

August 2024 Ocean Sci. Disc.

Circulation of Baffin Bay and Hudson Bay waters on the Labrador Shelf and into the subpolar North Atlantic

Wind forcing controls on Antarctic Bottom Water export from the Weddell Sea via bottom boundary layer processes

The Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) exported from the Weddell Sea has experienced warming and contraction in the past 30 yrs. Superposed …

Christopher D. J. Auckland , Povl E. Abrahamsen , Michael P. Meredith , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , C. P. Spingys , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Arnold L. Gordon

August 2024 Journal of Geophysical Research

Wind forcing controls on Antarctic Bottom Water export from the Weddell Sea via bottom boundary layer processes

The impact of Deep Convection on Overturning in the Labrador Sea

This thesis investigates the variability of the local overturning circulation in the Labrador Sea over the past two decades, focusing …

Katja Schultz

August 2024 Universität Hamburg, Institute of Oceanography MSc thesis

The impact of Deep Convection on Overturning in the Labrador Sea

Sea ice effect on the Labrador Sea freshwater fluxes by (sub)mesoscale activity

The formation of fresh, cold, oxygenated and carbon dioxide-rich Labrador Sea Water is a critical process which affects global climate …

Boris Shapkin

May 2024 Universität Hamburg, Institute of Oceanography MSc thesis

Sea ice effect on the Labrador Sea freshwater fluxes by (sub)mesoscale activity

Seasonal evolution of the permanent pycnocline at Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctic

Understanding the seasonal dynamics of the permanent pycnocline is crucial for explaining the physical processes governing oceanic …

Viktoria Nikolaus

April 2024 Universität Hamburg, Institute of Oceanography MSc thesis

EPOC: Project News

First newsletter of the EPOC project.

Vikki Gunn , Laura de Steur , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Christian Mertens , Jaime Palter , Maria Jesus Rapanague , Simon Wett , Jack Wharton

December 2023 EPOC Project News

Should AMOC observations continue: how and why?

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a large-scale circulation pattern responsible for northward heat transport in …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , N. Foukal , Gokhan Danabasoglu

December 2023 Phil Trans A epoc

Observed mechanisms activating the recent subpolar North Atlantic Warming since 2016

The overturning circulation of the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) plays a fundamental role in Earth’s climate variability and change. …

Leon Chafik , N. Penny Holliday , Sheldon Bacon , J. A. Baker , Damien G. Desbruyeres , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Laura C. Jackson

December 2023 Phil Trans A

Observed mechanisms activating the recent subpolar North Atlantic Warming since 2016

Cessation of Labrador Sea Convection Triggered by Distinct Fresh and Warm (Sub)Mesoscale Flows

By ventilating the deep ocean, deep convection in the Labrador Sea plays a crucial role in the climate system. Unfortunately, the …

Louis Clement , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Nicolai von Oppeln-Bronikowski , I. Goszczko , Brad de Young

July 2023 J. Phys. Oceanogr.

Cessation of Labrador Sea Convection Triggered by Distinct Fresh and Warm (Sub)Mesoscale Flows

Climate change impacts on ocean circulation relevant to the UK and Ireland

Ocean circulation, including ocean currents and systems of ocean currents, such as ocean gyres and the meridional overturning …

Gerard D. McCarthy , K. Burmeister , Stuart A. Cunningham , A. Düsterhus , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , and others

February 2023 Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership

Climate change impacts on ocean circulation relevant to the UK and Ireland

The evolution of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1980

A synthesis of the known AMOC variabiltiiy since 1980, from models, reanalysis, observations and proxies - in the subtropical and subpolar North Atlantic.

Laura C. Jackson , Arne Biastoch , Martha W. Buckley , Damien G. Desbruyeres , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Ben I. Moat , Jon Robson

March 2022 Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

The evolution of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1980

Dissipation of mesoscale eddies at a western boundary via a direct energy cascade

The fate of mesoscale eddy kinetic energy represents a large source of uncertainty in the global ocean energy budget. Satellite …

D. Gwyn Evans , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato

January 2022 Scientific Reports

Dissipation of mesoscale eddies at a western boundary via a direct energy cascade

New technological frontiers in ocean mixing

An overview of methods for measuring turbulence in the ocean, including from profiling floats and gliders, microstructure sensors on autonomous vehicles, and micro-temperature on CTD profiles.

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , J. Alex Brearley , J. D. Nash , C. B. Whalen

January 2022 Ocean Mixing: Drivers, Mechanisms and Impacts

New technological frontiers in ocean mixing

Kinetic Energy Transfers between Mesoscale and Submesoscale Motions in the Open Ocean’s Upper Layers

Mesoscale eddies contain the bulk of the ocean’s kinetic energy (KE), but fundamental questions remain on the cross-scale KE transfers …

Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , X. Yu , J. Callies , R. Barkan , Kurt L. Polzin , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , others

January 2022 J. Phys. Ocean.

Kinetic Energy Transfers between Mesoscale and Submesoscale Motions in the Open Ocean’s Upper Layers

Climate-Relevant Ocean Transport Measurements in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

B Berx , Denis L. Volkov , Johanna Baehr , Molly O. Baringer , Peter Brandt , K. Burmeister , Stuart A. Cunningham , MF de Jong , Laura de Steur , S Dong , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , others

January 2022 Oceanogr.

Climate-Relevant Ocean Transport Measurements in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

TERIFIC Ocean Glider Deployments in the Labrador Sea

Seaglider dataset from 2019-12 to 2020-05 in the Labrador Sea

Louis Clement , FrajkaWilliams-Eleanor

January 2021 SEANOE data

TERIFIC Ocean Glider Deployments in the Labrador Sea

Revisiting AMOC transport estimates from observations and models

A model-based evaluation of how the choice of referencing geostrophic velocities at AMOC transport mooring arrays can influence the resultant transport estimate, with a focus on the MOVE latitude of 16°N and the RAPID latitude of 26.5°N.

Gokhan Danabasoglu , F. S. Castruccio , R. J. Small , R. Tomas , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Matthias Lankhorst

January 2021 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Revisiting AMOC transport estimates from observations and models

Mixing and transformation in a deep western boundary current: A case study

Water-mass transformation by turbulent mixing is a key part of the deep-ocean overturning, as it drives the upwelling of dense waters …

Carl P. Spingys , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Sonya Legg , Kurt L. Polzin , E. Povl Abrahamsen , Christian E. Buckingham , Alex Forryan , Eleanor Frajka-Williams

January 2021 J. Phys. Ocean.

Mixing and transformation in a deep western boundary current: A case study

A dynamically based method for estimating the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N from satellite altimetry

A method for estimating 26°N overturning from time-varying satellite altimetry and time-averaged boundary profiles of dynamic height.

Alejandra Sanchez-Franks , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Ben I. Moat , David A. Smeed

January 2021 Oc. Sci.

A dynamically based method for estimating the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N from satellite altimetry

Data: MeRMEED cruise and mooring data - Vertical microstructure, CTD, vessel mounted ADCP, moored ADCP, 2016-2018

Cruise and mooring data from three cruises east of the Bahamas, 1-7 Dec 2016, 31 Oct - 10 Nov 2017 and 4-16 Mar 2018.

D. Gwyn Evans , FrajkaWilliams-Eleanor , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Kurt L. Polzin , Alex Forryan

November 2020 PANGAEA data

Data: MeRMEED cruise and mooring data - Vertical microstructure, CTD, vessel mounted ADCP, moored ADCP, 2016-2018

Mesoscale eddy dissipation by a zoo of submesoscale processes at a western boundary

Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous dynamical features that tend to propagate westward and disappear along ocean western boundaries. Using …

D. Gwyn Evans , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Kurt L. Polzin , Alex Forryan

November 2020 J. Geophys. Res.

Mesoscale eddy dissipation by a zoo of submesoscale processes at a western boundary

Technicalities: Exploring the Labrador Sea with autonomous vehicles

The Labrador Sea is a fascinating and difficult environment in which to work. In the winter, wind speeds can gust upwards of 200 km/hr, …

Brad de Young , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Nicolai von Oppeln-Bronikowski , Stephen Woodward

October 2020 The Journal of Ocean Technology

Technicalities: Exploring the Labrador Sea with autonomous vehicles

Breaking of internal waves and turbulent dissipation in an anticyclonic mode water eddy

A 4-month glider mission was analyzed to assess turbulent dissipation in an anticyclonic eddy at the western boundary of the …

Bieito Fernandez-Castro , D. Gwyn Evans , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Clement Vic , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato

July 2020 J. Phys. Ocean.

Breaking of internal waves and turbulent dissipation in an anticyclonic mode water eddy

Pending recovery in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation at 26°N

The strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) at 26∘ N has now been continuously measured by the RAPID array …

Ben I. Moat , David A. Smeed , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Damien G. Desbruyeres , Claudie Beaulieu , William E. Johns , Darren Rayner , Alejandra Sanchez-Franks , Molly O. Baringer , Denis L. Volkov , Laura C. Jackson , Harry L. Bryden

January 2020 Oc. Sci.

Pending recovery in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation at 26°N

Equity at sea: Gender and inclusivity in UK sea-going science

Today, we can celebrate a strong representation of women in sea-going science in the United Kingdom, providing positive role models for …

K. R. Hendry , A. Annett , R. Bhatia , G. M. Damerell , S. Fielding , Y. L. Firing , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , others

January 2020 Ocean Challenge

Equity at sea: Gender and inclusivity in UK sea-going science

Detectability of an AMOC decline in current and projected climate changes

Determining whether the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)’s transport is in decline is challenging due to the …

Delphine Lobelle , Claudie Beaulieu , Valerie Livina , Florian Sevellec , Eleanor Frajka-Williams

January 2020 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Detectability of an AMOC decline in current and projected climate changes

Cruise Report #65: TERIFIC project, 26 November – 10 December 2019

The purpose of the fieldwork activities detailed in this report was to deploy a range of autonomous platforms to measure physical …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams

January 2020 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report Cruise reports

Cruise Report #65: TERIFIC project, 26 November – 10 December 2019

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated heat transport

Update on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in the annual State of the Climate report. This issue includes estimates using XBT data compared against mooring-derived transport estimates.

Denis L. Volkov , Chris S. Meinen , others , Eleanor Frajka-Williams

January 2020 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated heat transport

Past, present, and future variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key mechanism of the global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate system, …

Delphine Lobelle

October 2019 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses

Past, present, and future variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability

An overview of the status of the AMOC observing system as of 2019, including arrays in the North and South Atlantic, methodology summary and prognosis for the future.

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , and others

June 2019 Frontiers in Mar. Sci.

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability

Cruise Report: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS18066 4 – 16 March 2018, MerMEED microstructure cruise report.

The MerMEED (Mechanisms responsible for Mesoscale Eddy Energy Dissipation) project is a NERC funded project (NE/N001745/1) to …

D. Gwyn Evans

May 2019 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report cruise report

Cruise Report: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS18066 4 – 16 March 2018, MerMEED microstructure cruise report.

Phased response of the subpolar Southern Ocean to changes in circumpolar winds

The response of the subpolar Southern Ocean (sSO) to wind forcing is assessed using satellite radar altimetry. sSO sea level exhibits a …

Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Jack Hooley , Tiago S. Dotto , Sheldon Bacon , M. Tsamados , A. Ridout , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , L. Herraiz-Borreguero , Paul R. Holland , H. D. B. S. Heorton , Mike P. Meredith

May 2019 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Phased response of the subpolar Southern Ocean to changes in circumpolar winds

Topographic Eddies

This is a article on flow over topography named “Topographic eddies”. It covers the theory behind flow interactions with topography …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams

March 2019 Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences

Model derived uncertainties in deep ocean temperature trends between 1990--2010

In recent decades, deep (below 2,000 m) ocean temperature trends have been measured when scientific research vessels repeat the same …

Freya K. Garry , Elaine L. McDonagh , Adam T. Blaker , Chris D. Roberts , Damien G. Desbruyeres , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Brian A. King

January 2019 J. Geophys. Res.

Model derived uncertainties in deep ocean temperature trends between 1990--2010

Using GRACE and in situ bottom pressure recorders to evaluate external transports at 26°N

A demonstration of how GRACE-satellite estimates of ocean bottom pressure can be used to stitch together in situ bottom pressure records at 26°N, alleviating the need to detrend the observed bottom pressure. However, the method does not allow determination of the trend over the full period; if the GRACE trend over the full period (2004-2016) is applied, then it implies a trend in the compensation transports from 26°N which has the opposite sign as the compensation transport derived from the RAPID 26°N mooring array.

Emma Worthington , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , G. D. McCarthy

January 2019 J. Geophys. Res.

Structure and variability of the Antilles Current at 26.5°N

Chris S. Meinen , William E. Johns , Ben I. Moat , Ryan H. Smith , Elizabeth M. Johns , Darren Rayner , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Rigoberto F. Garcia , Silvia L. Garzoli

January 2019 J. Geophys. Res.

Rapid mixing and exchange of deep-ocean waters in an abyssal boundary current

The overturning circulation of the global ocean is regulated by deep-ocean mixing, which transforms cold waters sinking at high …

Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Carl P. Spingys , Sonya Legg , Kurt L. Polzin , Alex Forryan , E. Povl Abrahamsen , Christian E. Buckingham , Stephen M. Griffies , Stephen D. McPhail , Keith W. Nicholls , Leif N. Thomas , Mike P. Meredith

January 2019 PNAS

Rapid mixing and exchange of deep-ocean waters in an abyssal boundary current

OceanObs19: OceanGliders: a component of the integrated GOOS

The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders …

P. Testor , Brad de Young , D. Rudnick , S. Glenn , D. Hayes , C. M. Lee , C. Pattiaratchi , others , Eleanor Frajka-Williams

January 2019 Frontiers in Marine Science

OceanObs19: OceanGliders: a component of the integrated GOOS

Loop Current variability as trigger of coherent Gulf Stream transport anomalies

Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Adam T. Blaker , Bablu Sinha , P. Hyder , Andrew Coward , others

January 2019 J. Phys. Ocean.

Loop Current variability as trigger of coherent Gulf Stream transport anomalies

Estimating the Freshwater Flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet Workshop Report, American Geophysical Union, 2018

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been observed continuously at 26° N since April 2004. The AMOC and its …

David Sutherland , Fiamma Straneo , Twila Moon , Isabela Le Bras , FrajkaWilliams-Eleanor , Jonathan Bamber , Ginny Catania , Patrick Heimbach , Rebecca Jackson , Leigh Stearns

December 2018 Arctic Data Center

Coherent modulation of the sea-level annual cycle in the United States by Atlantic Rossby waves

Changes in the sea-level annual cycle (SLAC) can have profound impacts on coastal areas, including increased flooding risk and …

Francisco M. Calafat , Thomas Wahl , Fredrik Lindsten , Joanne Williams , Eleanor Frajka-Williams

December 2018 Nature Comm.

Coherent modulation of the sea-level annual cycle in the United States by Atlantic Rossby waves

Annual cycle of turbulence estimated from Seagliders

Updated methods to estimate turbulence from Seagliders (originally from Beaird et al. 2012), with a demonstration in the northeast Atlantic. The primary addition is to filter by local stratification as observed by the Seaglider. When N is large, this filter should isolate turbulent processes within the inertial subrange. When N is very low, within the surface mixed layer for example, this filtering acts to remove the mean and any trend with respect to depth from the vertical velocity.

D. Gwyn Evans , N. S. Lucas , Victoria S. Hemsley , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Adrian Martin , Stuart C. Painter , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Mark E. Inall , Matthew R. Palmer

October 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Annual cycle of turbulence estimated from Seagliders

Variability of the Ross Gyre, Southern Ocean: drivers and responses revealed by satellite altimetry

The Ross Gyre is one of the main current systems of the Southern Ocean and conveys heat toward the cold continental shelves of the …

Tiago S. Dotto , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato , Sheldon Bacon , M. Tsamados , Paul R. Holland , Jack Hooley , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , A. Ridout , Mike P. Meredith

June 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Variability of the Ross Gyre, Southern Ocean: drivers and responses revealed by satellite altimetry

Designing a cost-efficient drifter to track freshwater fluxes from the Greenland Ice Sheet

The Labrador Sea is an important area for wintertime convection, with possible influences on global overturning. While there is a …

Michaela Maier

May 2018 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis

Designing a cost-efficient drifter to track freshwater fluxes from the Greenland Ice Sheet

Autosub Long Range Derived Near Seabed Flow in the Western Flank of the Orkney Passage

The Orkney Passage is a submarine valley in the South Scotia Ridge that connects the Scotia Sea to the Weddell Sea. It is the most …

Katie R. Hodge

May 2018 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis

Autosub Long Range Derived Near Seabed Flow in the Western Flank of the Orkney Passage

Fast response of deep ocean circulation to mid-latitude winds in the Atlantic

In situ observations of transbasin deep ocean transports at 26◦N show variability on monthly to decadal timescales (2004–2015). …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , F. Landerer , T. Lee

April 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett. (rejected)

Fast response of deep ocean circulation to mid-latitude winds in the Atlantic

Cruise Report 50: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS17305, 31 OCT - 10 NOV 2017, Miami to Miami, USA, MerMEED microstructure cruise report. CR No. 50

The MerMEED (Mechanisms responsible for Mesoscale Eddy Energy Dissipation) project is a NERC funded project (NE/N001745/1, 2015–2018) …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams

February 2018 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report cruise report

Cruise Report 50: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS17305, 31 OCT - 10 NOV 2017, Miami to Miami, USA, MerMEED microstructure cruise report. CR No. 50

The North Atlantic Ocean is in a state of reduced overturning

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is responsible for a variable and climatically important northward transport of …

David A. Smeed , Simon A. Josey , William E. Johns , Ben I. Moat , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Darren Rayner , Chris S. Meinen , Molly O. Baringer , Harry L. Bryden , Gerard D. McCarthy

January 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett.

The North Atlantic Ocean is in a state of reduced overturning

Wind-driven transport of fresh shelf water into the upper 30m of the Labrador Sea

The Labrador Sea is one of a small number of deep convection sites in the North Atlantic, that contribute to the meridional overturning …

Lena M. Schulze Chretien , Eleanor Frajka-Williams

January 2018 Oc. Sci.

Wind-driven transport of fresh shelf water into the upper 30m of the Labrador Sea

The Accuracy of Estimates of the Overturning Circulation from Basin Wide Mooring Arrays

Previous modeling and observational studies have established that it is possible to accurately monitor the Atlantic Meridional …

Bablu Sinha , David A. Smeed , Gerard D. McCarthy , Ben I. Moat , Simon A. Josey , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Adam T. Blaker , G. Madec

January 2018 Prog. Oceangr.

The Accuracy of Estimates of the Overturning Circulation from Basin Wide Mooring Arrays

Coherent circulation changes in the Deep North Atlantic from 16°N and 26°N transport arrays

The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) has been measured by boundary arrays in the Atlantic since 2000. Over the past decade of …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Matthias Lankhorst , J. Koelling , Uwe Send

January 2018 J. Geophys. Res.

Coherent circulation changes in the Deep North Atlantic from 16°N and 26°N transport arrays

Variability and Transport Methodology of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26°N

The importance of The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) resides in its associated poleward movement of heat (Bryden et …

Neela Morarji

December 2017 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses

Variability and Transport Methodology of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26°N

Emerging negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index in spite of warm subtropics

Sea surface temperatures in the northern North Atlantic have shown a marked decrease over the past several years. The sea surface in …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Claudie Beaulieu , Aurelie D. Duchez

September 2017 Scientific Reports

Emerging negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index in spite of warm subtropics

Cruise Report: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS16336, 01 - 07 DEC 2016, Miami to Miami, USA, MerMEED microstructure cruise report. CR No.44.

The MerMEED (Mechanisms responsible for Mesoscale Eddy Energy Dissipation) project is a NERC funded project (NE/N001745/1, 2015-2018) …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams

June 2017 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report cruise report

Cruise Report: RV Walton Smith Cruise WS16336, 01 - 07 DEC 2016, Miami to Miami, USA, MerMEED microstructure cruise report. CR No.44.

Building Boaty using Matlab

This is a brief animation showing the steps to build the Autosub Long Range (aka Boaty McBoatface) using Matlab. As a bit of fun during …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams

May 2017 Vimeo

Boaty McBoatface M44 in Orkney Passage

Autosub Long Range (aka Boaty McBoatface) is an autonomous underwater vehicle developed at the National Oceanography Centre …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Rob Templeton

May 2017 Vimeo

Estimating the deep overturning transport variability at 26°N using bottom pressure recorders

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) carries almost 90% of the approximately 1.3 PW of heat carried poleward by the …

Emma Worthington

May 2017 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis

Estimating the deep overturning transport variability at 26°N using bottom pressure recorders

Deep ocean heat content observing strategy: evaluating the past and preparing for the future

Changes in full depth ocean heat content (OHC) serve as a key metric of climate change with accurate measurements vital to reduce …

Freya K. Garry

January 2017 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses

Deep ocean heat content observing strategy: evaluating the past and preparing for the future

Observed basin-scale response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to wind stress forcing

The response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) to wind stress forcing is investigated from an …

Shane Elipot , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Chris W. Hughes , Sofia Olhede , Matthias Lankhorst

January 2017 J. Clim

Observed basin-scale response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to wind stress forcing

Greenland Melt and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

More than a decade of observations of the meridional overturning circulation in the subtropical North Atlantic show it to be highly …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Jonathan Bamber , Kjetil Vage

December 2016 Oceanogr.

Greenland Melt and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

Primary production and nitrate budgets in the temperate North Atlantic estimated from ocean gliders

Phytoplankton in the ocean are a key component of the global carbon cycle and the base of most marine food webs. They contribute …

Victoria S. Hemsley

November 2016 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses

Primary production and nitrate budgets in the temperate North Atlantic estimated from ocean gliders

Drivers of exceptionally cold North Atlantic Ocean temperatures and their link to the 2015 European heat wave

The North Atlantic and Europe experienced two extreme climate events in 2015: exceptionally cold ocean surface temperatures and a …

Aurelie D. Duchez , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Simon A. Josey , D. Gwyn Evans , Jeremy P. Grist , R. Marsh , Gerard D. McCarthy , Bablu Sinha , David I. Berry , Joel J.-M. Hirschi

July 2016 Env. Res. Lett.

Drivers of exceptionally cold North Atlantic Ocean temperatures and their link to the 2015 European heat wave

Potential mechanisms underpinning the dissipation of mesoscale eddies over the topographic rise east of the Bahamas

Even if mesoscale eddies represent universal features of the ocean circulation, the processes by which their energy gets dissipated …

Jemima Rama

May 2016 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis

Potential mechanisms underpinning the dissipation of mesoscale eddies over the topographic rise east of the Bahamas

Major Variations in Sub-Tropical North Atlantic Heat Transport at Short (5 day) Timescales and their Causes

Variability in the North Atlantic ocean heat transport at 26.5°N on short (5 day) timescales is identified and contrasted with …

Ben I. Moat , Simon A. Josey , Bablu Sinha , Adam T. Blaker , David A. Smeed , Gerard D. McCarthy , William E. Johns , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Darren Rayner , Aurelie D. Duchez , Andrew Coward

April 2016 J. Geophys. Res.

Major Variations in Sub-Tropical North Atlantic Heat Transport at Short (5 day) Timescales and their Causes

Generation of Internal Waves by Eddies Impinging on the Western Boundary of the North Atlantic

Despite the major role played by mesoscale eddies in redistributing the energy of the large-scale circulation, our understanding of …

Louis Clement , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Katy L. Sheen , J. Alex Brearley , Alberto C. Naveira Garabato

April 2016 J. Phys. Ocean.

Generation of Internal Waves by Eddies Impinging on the Western Boundary of the North Atlantic

Compensation between meridional flow components of the Atlantic MOC at 26°N

From ten years of observations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at 26° N (2004–2014), we revisit the question …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Chris S. Meinen , William E. Johns , David A. Smeed , Aurelie D. Duchez , Adam J. Lawrence , David A. Cuthbertson , Harry L. Bryden , Gerard D. McCarthy , Molly O. Baringer , Darren Rayner , Ben I. Moat

April 2016 Oc. Sci.

Compensation between meridional flow components of the Atlantic MOC at 26°N

Freshwater fluxes and vertical mixing in the Labrador Sea

The Labrador Sea plays an important role in the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), due to the seasonal occurrence of deep …

Lena M. Schulze Chretien

February 2016 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses

Freshwater fluxes and vertical mixing in the Labrador Sea

Estimating Oceanic Primary Production Using Vertical Irradiance and Chlorophyll Profiles from Ocean Gliders in the North Atlantic

An autonomous underwater vehicle (Seaglider) has been used to estimate marine primary production (PP) using a combination of irradiance …

Victoria S. Hemsley , Timothy J. Smyth , Adrian P. Martin , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Andrew F. Thompson , Gillian Damerell , Stuart C. Painter

August 2015 Environmental Science Technology

Estimating Oceanic Primary Production Using Vertical Irradiance and Chlorophyll Profiles from Ocean Gliders in the North Atlantic

Quantifying eddy diffusivity in the Labrador Sea in a mixing-length theoretical framework

Mesoscale eddies are effective large-scale stirrers which provide a crucial connection between mean flow scales, such as those in the …

Joseph Ribeiro

May 2015 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis

Quantifying eddy diffusivity in the Labrador Sea in a mixing-length theoretical framework

Tip jets and westerlies - Investigating air-sea interactions in the southeast Labrador Sea

It is debated that mesoscale reverse tip jets caused by distortion between atmospheric flow and Greenland contribute to wintertime deep …

Lee Coley

May 2015 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis

Tip jets and westerlies - Investigating air-sea interactions in the southeast Labrador Sea

The impact of sea ice retreat on the spring phytoplankton bloom over the Labrador Sea Baffin Shelf from 2003 to 2013

I have investigated the climatology of the Baffin Shelf bloom in the Labrador Sea and related its variability to local sea ice …

Jonathan E. J. Southwell

May 2015 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis

The impact of sea ice retreat on the spring phytoplankton bloom over the Labrador Sea Baffin Shelf from 2003 to 2013

Reconstructing Sea Surface Salinity in the Labrador Sea

Salinity in the Labrador Sea is an important factor in convection and deep water formation as it dominates physical water column …

Joe Lawson

May 2015 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science MSc thesis

Reconstructing Sea Surface Salinity in the Labrador Sea

Estimating the Atlantic MOC at 26°N using satellite altimetry and cable measurements

A statistical relationship between satellite sea surface height (SSH) and observed transports at 26°N is used to build a proxy for the AMOC transport since 1992. The method relies on a strong relationship between (1) the interannual variability of spatially-smoothed SSH at the western boundary of the Atlantic and (2) the RAPID 26°N estimate of upper mid-ocean transport (UMO, top ~1100m) across the Atlantic. Explained variance is very high, but the method assumes stationarity in the relationship between SSH and UMO, which would likely be violated on longer timescales associated with e.g., deep watermass change.

Eleanor Frajka-Williams

April 2015 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Estimating the Atlantic MOC at 26°N using satellite altimetry and cable measurements

Measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N

Methodology and error analysis for the RAPID 26°N estimates of the AMOC transport.

Gerard D. McCarthy , David A. Smeed , Williams E. Johns , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Ben I. Moat , Darren Rayner , Molly O. Baringer , Chris S. Meinen , Harry L. Bryden

January 2015 Prog. Oceangr.

Women in Oceanography: A Decade Later

Short biographies of women in oceanography, as of 2014.

Ellen S. Kappel , and others

December 2014 Oceanography

Bispectra of Internal Tides and Parametric Subharmonic Instability

Bispectral analysis of the nonlinear resonant interaction known as parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) for a coherence semidiurnal …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Eric Kunze , Jennifer A. MacKinnon

October 2014 ArXiv

Bispectra of Internal Tides and Parametric Subharmonic Instability

Sustaining observations of an unsteady ocean circulation

Sustained observations of ocean properties reveal a global warming trend and rising sea levels. These changes have been documented by …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams

September 2014 Phil. Trans. Royal Soc.

Vertical structure of eddies and Rossby waves and their effect on the Atlantic MOC at 26.5°N

The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at inline image in the Atlantic has a standard deviation of 4.9 Sv and contains large …

Louis Clement , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Zoltan B. Szuts , Stuart A. Cunningham

September 2014 J. Geophys. Res.

A new index for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has received considerable attention, motivated by its major role in the global …

Aurelie D. Duchez , Stuart A. Cunningham , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Adam T. Blaker , Harry L. Bryden , C. Atkinson , Gerard D. McCarthy , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Darren Rayner , David A. Smeed

September 2014 J. Clim

A new index for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

The Atlantic overturning circulation: More evidence of variability and links to climate

A unique feature of the Atlantic Ocean is the presence of regions in the Labrador Sea and Nordic Seas where surface water can convect …

James Carton , Stuart A. Cunningham , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Y. O. Kwon , David P. Marshall , Rym Msadek

August 2014 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

The Atlantic overturning circulation: More evidence of variability and links to climate

The effect of eddies and Rossby waves on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5◦N and their decay at the western boundary.

The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at 26.5◦N in the Atlantic has a standard devia- tion of 4.9 Sv and contains large …

Louis Clement

July 2014 University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science PhD theses

The effect of eddies and Rossby waves on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5◦N and their decay at the western boundary.

Seasonal to interannual variability in density around the Canary Islands and their influence on the AMOC at 26°N

The meridional interior flow obtained from the RAPID array is determined by horizontal density fluctuations at the eastern and western …

Aurelie D. Duchez , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Natalia Castro , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Andrew Coward

February 2014 J. Geophys. Res.

Seasonal to interannual variability in density around the Canary Islands and their influence on the AMOC at 26°N

The observed North Atlantic MOC, its meridional coherence and ocean bottom pressure

Analyses of meridional transport time series from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation (RAPID MOC) array at 26°N …

Shane Elipot , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Chris W. Hughes , Josh Willis

February 2014 J. Phys. Ocean.

The observed North Atlantic MOC, its meridional coherence and ocean bottom pressure

Observed decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2004 to 2012

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been observed continuously at 26° N since April 2004. The AMOC and its …

David A. Smeed , Gerard D. McCarthy , Stuart A. Cunningham , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Darren Rayner , William E. Johns , Chris S. Meinen , Molly O. Baringer , Ben I. Moat , Aurelie D. Duchez , Harry L. Bryden

January 2014 Oc. Sci.

Meridional overturning circulation observations in the North Atlantic Ocean

Molly O. Baringer , Gerard D. McCarthy , Josh Willis , Matthias Lankhorst , David A. Smeed , Uwe Send , Darren Rayner , William E. Johns , Chris S. Meinen , Stuart A. Cunningham , Torsten O. Kanzow , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Jochem Marotzke

January 2014 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Meridional overturning circulation observations in the North Atlantic Ocean

Horizontal stratification during Deep convection in the Labrader Sea

Deep convection—the process by which surface waters are mixed down to 1000 m or deeper—forms the primary downwelling of the meridional …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Peter B. Rhines , Charles C. Eriksen

January 2014 J. Phys. Ocean.

Horizontal stratification during Deep convection in the Labrader Sea

Atlantic MOC slowdown cooled the subtropical ocean

Observations show that the upper 2 km of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean cooled throughout 2010 and remained cold until at least …

Stuart A. Cunningham , Chris D. Roberts , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , William E. Johns , W. Hobbs , M. D. Palmer , Darren Rayner , David A. Smeed , Gerard D. McCarthy

November 2013 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Atlantic MOC slowdown cooled the subtropical ocean

Atmosphere drives observed interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5N

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been observed at 26.5°N since 2004. During 2009/2010, there was a transient …

Chris D. Roberts , J. Waters , K. A. Peterson , M. Palmer , Gerard D. McCarthy , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , K. Haines , D. J. Lea , M. J. Martin , D. Storkey , E. W. Blockley , H. Zuo

September 2013 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Atmosphere drives observed interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5N

Observed and simulated variability of the AMOC at 26°N and 41°N

Time series of the observational estimate of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) have recently become available, but …

Charlotte Mielke , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Johanna Baehr

February 2013 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Observed and simulated variability of the AMOC at 26°N and 41°N

Eddy impacts on the Florida Current

The Gulf Stream in the Atlantic carries warm water northwards and forms both the return closure of the subtropical gyre as well as the …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , William E. Johns , Chris S. Meinen , Lisa M. Beal , Stuart A. Cunningham

January 2013 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport observations in the Atlantic Ocean

Molly O. Baringer , William E. Johns , Gerard D. McCarthy , Josh Willis , Silvia L. Garzoli , Matthias Lankhorst , Chris S. Meinen , Uwe Send , W. R. Hobbs , Stuart A. Cunningham , Darren Rayner , David A. Smeed , Torsten Kanzow , Patrick Heimbach , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , A. Macdonald , S. Dong , Jochem Marotzke

January 2013 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport observations in the Atlantic Ocean

Observed Interannual Variability of the Atlantic MOC at 26.5°N

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) plays a critical role in the climate system and is responsible for much of the …

Gerard D. McCarthy , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , William E. Johns , Molly O. Baringer , Chris S. Meinen , Harry L. Bryden , Darren Rayner , Aurelie D. Duchez , Chris D. Roberts , Stuart A. Cunningham

October 2012 Geophys. Res. Lett.

Observed Interannual Variability of the Atlantic MOC at 26.5°N

Cruise Report #07: RV Knorr Cruise KN200-4, 13 Apr-03 May 2011. RAPID Mooring Cruise.

This report describes the mooring operations conducted during RV Knorr cruise KN200-4 between 13 April and 3 May 2011. These mooring …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , William E. Johns

January 2012 National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report cruise report

Cruise Report #07: RV Knorr Cruise KN200-4, 13 Apr-03 May 2011. RAPID Mooring Cruise.

Meridional overturning circulation observations in the subtropical North Atlantic.

Molly O. Baringer , Stuart A. Cunningham , Chris S. Meinen , Silvia L. Garzoli , Josh Willis , Matthias Lankhorst , W. R. Hobbs , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Torsten O. Kanzow , Darren Rayner , William E. Johns , Jochem Marotzke

January 2012 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Meridional overturning circulation observations in the subtropical North Atlantic.

Determining Vertical Velocities from Seaglider

Methodology for estimating vertical seawater velocities from standard Seagliders.

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Charles C. Eriksen , Peter B. Rhines , Ramsey R. Harcourt

December 2011 J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.

Determining Vertical Velocities from Seaglider

Variability of Antarctic Bottom Water at 24.5°N in the Atlantic

A recent hydrographic section at 24.5°N in the Atlantic and 6 months of observations from a moored array show that Antarctic Bottom …

Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Stuart A. Cunningham , Harry L. Bryden , Brian A. King

November 2011 J. Geophys. Res.

Variability of Antarctic Bottom Water at 24.5°N in the Atlantic

RAPID: Monitoring the meridional overturning circulation at 26°N

A summary of the RAPID 26°N results through 2011.

Eleanor Frajka-Williams

June 2011 Ocean Challenge

Monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

The original RAPID methodology, now updated in McCarthy et al. 2015.

Darren Rayner , Joel J.-M. Hirschi , Torsten Kanzow , William E. Johns , Paul G. Wright , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Harry L. Bryden , Christopher S. Meinen , Molly O. Baringer , Jochem Marotzke , Lisa M. Beal , Stuart A. Cunningham

January 2011 Deep Sea Res. II

Monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

Meridional Overturning Circulation Observations in the Subtropical North Atlantic

Molly O. Baringer , Stuart A. Cunningham , Chris S. Meinen , Silvia L. Garzoli , Josh Willis , Matthias Lankhorst , W. R. Hobbs , Eleanor Frajka-Williams , Torsten O. Kanzow , Darren Rayner , William E. Johns , Jochem Marotzke

January 2011 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.